Análise de particularidades da participação lusófona em uma Rede de Conhecimentos em Enfermagem / Análisis de las particularidades de la participación lusófona en una Red de Conocimientos de Enfermería / Analysis of the particularities of Lusophone participation in a Nursing Knowledge Network

Resumo Objetivo Descrever o exercício conceitual de reflexão sobre as possibilidades e particularidades da participação das Escolas de Enfermagem e Faculdades de Enfermagem lusófonas na Rede de Conhecimentos em Enfermagem. Método Análise das informações obtidas em um levantamento de recursos institucionais de acordo com o marco conceitual proposto por Prug e Prusak sobre rede de conhecimentos. A ponderação de aspectos positivos e negativos - analisando o aprendizado com as informações - levou em consideração as possíveis soluções para um plano de ação. Resultados Tanto nas ações institucionais para suportar a pesquisa em Enfermagem como nos benefícios almejados com a participação na Rede existe o interesse na internacionalização da pesquisa e no trabalho colaborativo. Com a ampliação dos horizontes da ciência da Enfermagem lusófona, este trabalho visa aumentar o impacto da pesquisa e agilizar a divulgação e a utilização dos resultados, tanto na educação como na clínica. Conclusão e Implicações para a prática A participação das referidas instituições oferece inúmeras possibilidades de demonstrar originalidade, criatividade e perícia de sua prática docente e de pesquisa, favorecendo o compartilhamento de ideias e práticas. A prática de produção científica, por docentes e discentes, pode ser aprimorada pelo refinamento de modos de pensar, criar, produzir e disseminar.

Resumen Objetivo Describir el ejercicio conceptual de reflexión de las posibilidades y particularidades de la participación de facultades de Enfermería de lengua portuguesa en la Red de Conocimientos de Enfermería. Método Análisis de datos obtenidos de un sondeo de recursos institucionales bajo el marco conceptual de Prug y Prusak sobre la red de conocimiento. El planteamiento de aspectos positivos y negativos del aprendizaje abarcó soluciones para elaborar un plan de acción. Resultados En las acciones institucionales de apoyo a la investigación en Enfermería y los beneficios aspirados con la participación en la Red, existe un interés por la internacionalización de la investigación y el trabajo colaborativo -que tiene como objetivo aumentar el impacto de la investigación, estimular la divulgación y el aprovechamiento de los resultados en la enseñanza y la clínica, con la ampliación de los horizontes de la Enfermería de instituciones de habla portuguesa. Conclusión e Implicaciones en la práctica La Red ofrece numerosas posibilidades para las instituciones participantes respecto a la demostración de originalidad, creatividad y experiencia en la práctica docente y de investigación, fomentando el intercambio de ideas y prácticas. La práctica de la producción científica por profesores y estudiantes puede verse mejorada por la reflexión, creación, producción y difusión de conocimientos.

Abstract Objective To describe the conceptual exercise of reflecting on the possibilities and particularities of the participation of Lusophone schools of nursing in the Nursing Knowledge Network. Method An analysis was conducted using information obtained from an environmental scan of institutional resources following the conceptual framework by Prug and Prusak on the knowledge networks. The learnings reported in the analysis are based on the collected information and reflections on the positive and negative aspects of participation, while proposing possible solutions for an action plan. Results There is interest in the internationalization of research and collaborative work both as institutional actions to support nursing research and potential benefits due to participation in the Network. The collaborative work has potential to increase the impact of research, expedite dissemination and use of results both in education and in clinical practice, broadening the horizons of Lusophone nursing science. Conclusion and Implications for practice Participation of these institutions in the Network offers numerous possibilities to demonstrate the originality, creativity and expertise of their teaching and research practice, encouraging the sharing of ideas and practices. The practice of scientific production in all its scenarios by educators and students can be improved through refined ways of thinking, creating, producing, and disseminating knowledge.

Internacionalização para o incremento da produção de conhecimentos em enfermagem: estudo de reflexão / Internationalization to increase the production of knowledge in nursing: a reflection study

Objetivo: refletir sobre oportunidades para a internacionalização da Enfermagem em países lusófonos proporcionadas por uma rede internacional de conhecimentos em Enfermagem. Método: método reflexivo que conduz à percepção modificada de uma dada situação levando a novas ideias, revelando temas de análise e propostas de possíveis soluções através de um plano de ação. A reflexão concentrou-se em diálogos interdisciplinares, inovação conceitual-metodológica e fortalecimento da liderança em Enfermagem. Resultados: a reflexão focalizou: (a) o diálogo além do contexto cultural e científico lusófono para a Rede ser reconhecida como parceiro intelectual substancial; (b) a incorporação de abordagens, referenciais e desenhos de pesquisa multidisciplinares; e (c) a mobilização de conhecimento sobre causas sociais para o fortalecimento da liderança da Enfermagem global nas questões de justiça social e equidade em saúde. Considerações finais: a Enfermagem lusófona possui expertise para inovar com estratégias para reforçar a internacionalização.

Objective: reflect on opportunities for the internationalization of nursing in Lusophone countries provided by an international network of nursing knowledge. Method: a reflexive method leading to the modified perception of a given situation leading to new ideas, revealing themes of analysis and proposals for possible solutions through an action plan. This reflection focused on interdisciplinary dialogues, methodological-conceptual innovation, and strengthening of leadership in nursing. Results: the reflection focused on: 1) the dialogue beyond the Lusophone cultural and scientific context for the network to be recognized as a substantial intellectual partner; 2) the incorporation of multidisciplinary approaches, references, and research designs; and 3) the mobilization of knowledge about social causes to strengthen global nursing leadership in issues of social justice and health equity. Final considerations: Lusophone nursing has expertise to innovate with strategies to strengthen internationalization.

Objetivo: reflexionar sobre las oportunidades de internacionalización de la Enfermería en los países de lengua portuguesa proporcionadas por una red internacional de conocimiento en Enfermería. Método: método reflexivo que conduce a una percepción modificada de una situación que lleva a nuevas ideas, revelando temas de análisis y propuestas de posibles soluciones por medio de un plan de acción. La reflexión se centró en los diálogos interdisciplinarios, la innovación conceptual-metodológica y el fortalecimiento del liderazgo en enfermería. Resultados: la reflexión tuvo como foco: (a) el diálogo más allá del contexto cultural y científico de la lengua portuguesa para que la Red sea reconocida como un socio intelectual sustancial; (b) la incorporación de enfoques, referencias y diseños de investigación multidisciplinarios; y (c) la movilización de conocimiento sobre las causas sociales para fortalecer el liderazgo mundial de enfermería en temas de justicia social y equidad en salud. Consideraciones finales: La Enfermería em países de lengua portuguesa tiene el expertise para innovar con estrategias para reforzar la internacionalización.

Primary health care nurses: attitudes towards the person with mental disorder / Enfermeras de atención primaria: actitudes frente a la persona con trastorno mental / Enfermeiros de atenção primária à saúde: atitudes frente à pessoa com transtorno mental

ABSTRACT Objective To identify the attitudes of nurses working in Primary Health Care towards the person with mental disorder and the variables related to health care provided. Methodology Descriptive, correlational study with 250 nurses from 69 Basic Health Units in the city of São Paulo. Data collection took place between April and August 2019 using the "Opinions about Mental Illness" scale. The data were analyzed using the KrusKal-Wallis test, with a 95% confidence level and statistical significance of p <0.05. Results The global mean of the scale was 197, which shows negative attitudes especially in the dimensions of Authoritarianism (44.6), Social Restriction (42.0), and positive in the dimension of Benevolence (51.7). Conclusion Nurses tend to have a stigmatizing attitudinal profile. It is necessary formative and permanent intervention so that it is possible to reduce stigma and improve community-based care recommended in the guidelines of the Psychosocial Care Network.

RESUMEN Objetivo Identificar las actitudes de los enfermeros que trabajan en Atención Primaria de Salud frente a la persona con trastorno mental y las variables relacionadas con la atención médica brindada. Metodología Estudio descriptivo, correlacional con 250 enfermeras de 69 Unidades Básicas de Salud en la ciudad de São Paulo. La recopilación de datos tuvo lugar entre abril y agosto de 2019 utilizando la escala "Opiniones sobre enfermedades mentales". Los datos se analizaron mediante la prueba de KrusKal-Wallis, con un nivel de confianza del 95% y una significación estadística de p <0,05. Resultados El promedio global de la escala fue 197, lo que muestra actitudes negativas especialmente en las dimensiones de Autoritarismo (44.6), Restricción social (42.0), y positivas en la dimensión de Benevolencia (51.7). Conclusión Las enfermeras tienden a tener un perfil de actitud estigmatizante. La intervención formativa y permanente es necesaria para que sea posible reducir el estigma y mejorar la atención comunitaria recomendada en las pautas de la Red de Atención Psicosocial.

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar as atitudes dos enfermeiros que atuam na Atenção Primária à Saúde frente à pessoa com transtorno mental e as variáveis relacionados aos cuidados de saúde prestados. Metodologia Estudo descritivo, correlacional, com 250 enfermeiros de 69 Unidades Básica de Saúde do município de São Paulo. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre abril e agosto de 2019 por meio da escala "Opiniões acerca da Doença Mental". Os dados foram analisados por meio do teste de KrusKal-Wallis, com nível de confiança de 95% e significância estatística de p<0,05. Resultados A média global da escala foi 197, que demonstra atitudes negativas especialmente nas dimensões de Autoritarismo (44,6), Restrição Social (42,0), e positiva na dimensão Benevolência (51,7). Conclusão Os enfermeiros apresentam, tendencialmente, perfil atitudinal estigmatizante. É necessária intervenção formativa e permanente para que seja possível reduzir o estigma e melhorar o cuidado de base comunitária preconizado nas diretrizes da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial.

Sphaerospora festivus n. sp., a parasite of the flag cichlid, Mesonauta festivus (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from eastern Amazon, Brazil / Sphaerospora festivus n. sp., um parasito do ciclídeo bandeira, Mesonauta festivus (Teleostei: Cichlidae) da Amazônia oriental, Brasil

Abstract The present study describes a new species of the genus Sphaerospora found in the urinary bladder of the flag cichlid, Mesonauta festivus collected in Corre Água district of the municipality of Macapá, Amapá State (Brazil). The study includes morphological and phylogenetic analyses of the new parasite, to determine the relationship of the new species with related myxosporean species. The new species has polysporous plasmodia, which vary in size and shape. The mature myxospores are subspherical shape in valvar view. In the sutural view, the myxospores are 5.3±0.2 (5.2-5.6) μm in length and 7.0±0.7 (6.3-7.7) μm in width, with two piriform polar capsules equal size, 2.5±0.2 (2.3-2.8) μm in length and 1.8±0.2 (1.6-2.0) μm in width. The phylogenetic analyses of a partial sequence of the 18S rRNA gene confirmed the status of the new species and determined the relationship of the new species and related myxosporean species.The sum of the evidence indicates that, Sphaerospora festivus n. sp. belongs to the family Sphaerosporidae, and is the first record of the genus Sphaerospora from Brazil.

Resumo O presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever uma nova espécie de Sphaerospora encontrado na bexiga urinária de Mesonauta festivus, coletado no distrito Corre Água, no município de Macapá, estado do Amapá (Brasil). Foram realizadas análises morfométricas e filogenéticas, nas quais se avaliou a relação entre as espécies de mixosporídeos já descritas. A nova espécie possui plasmódio poliespórico, que varia em tamanho e forma. Os esporos maduros são subesféricos. Na visão sutural, apresentam 5,3 ± 0,2 (5,2-5,6) μm de comprimento e 7,0 ± 0,7 (6,3-7,7) μm de largura, com duas cápsulas polares piriformes de tamanhos iguais, 2,5 ± 0,2 (2,3-2,8) μm de comprimento e 1,8 ± 0,2 (1,6-2,0) μm de largura. As análises filogenéticas das sequências parciais do gene 18S rDNA confirmam ser uma nova espécie e determinou a relação desta com outros myxozoários já relatados. Conclui-se que a espécie em estudo pertence à família Sphaerosporidae, gênero Sphaerospora, e nova espécie, Sphaerospora festivus n. sp. e primeira ocorrência de parasitos desse gênero no Brasil.

Consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e binge drinking nos jovens em formação / Consumo de bebidas alcohólicas y binge drinking en jóvenes estudiantes / Consumption of alcohol and binge drinking among school-age young invididuals

Resumo Objetivo: Este estudo, tem o objetivo de conhecer o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e em particular a prática de binge drinking (BD) em jovens que frequentam a escolaridade obrigatória, no distrito de Lisboa, Portugal. Métodos: Estudo descritivo e correlacional de natureza quantitativa. Amostra constituída por 174 indivíduos de ambos os sexos que frequentam a escolaridade obrigatória em escolas do distrito de Lisboa, Portugal. Foram utilizados como instrumentos de avaliação: questionário sociodemográfico e Alcohol Use Disordens Identification Test (AUDIT-C). Análise dos dados pelo SPSS 25. Resultados: Amostra com uma média de idades 15 anos, em que 75,9% da amostra já consumiu bebidas alcoólicas e 23% da amostra já praticou BD, destacando-se uma maior percentagem no sexo feminino. Existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre a prática de BD, o consumo de risco identificado pelo AUDIT-C e o tipo de ensino frequentado. Participantes de ambos os sexos apresentavam percentagens idênticas de consumo de risco de bebidas alcoólicas. Há correlação positiva entre a idade de experimentação, o consumo de risco e a prática de BD. Conclusão: O consumo de bebidas alcoólicas nos jovens em formação, em idades muito precoces, assim como a de BD, mostram a pertinência de iniciar ações de prevenção do consumo de álcool ainda no ensino básico e a necessidade de aumentar a literacia dos jovens sobre o consumo de álcool, em especial no BD.

Resumen Objetivo: Este estudio tiene el objetivo de conocer el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas, en particular la práctica de binge drinking (BD) en jóvenes que asisten a la escuela obligatoria en el distrito de Lisboa, Portugal. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, correlacional y de naturaleza cuantitativa. Muestra constituida por 174 individuos de ambos sexos que asisten a la escuela obligatoria en instituciones del distrito de Lisboa, Portugal. Los instrumentos de evaluación utilizados fueron: cuestionario sociodemográfico y Alcohol Use Disordens Identification Test (AUDIT-C). Análisis de datos mediante SPSS 25. Resultados: Muestra con un promedio de edad de 15 años, de los que el 75,9% ya consumió bebidas alcohólicas y el 23% ya practicó BD, con un mayor porcentaje entre el sexo femenino. Existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la práctica de BD, el consumo de riesgo identificado por el AUDIT-C y el nivel de enseñanza en el que se encuentran. Participantes de ambos sexos presentaron porcentajes idénticos de consumo de riesgo de bebidas alcohólicas. Hay una correlación positiva entre la edad que probaron por primera vez, el consumo de riesgo y la práctica de BD. Conclusión: El consumo de bebidas alcohólicas de jóvenes estudiantes, a una edad muy precoz, así como la práctica de BD, demuestran la relevancia de iniciar acciones de prevención sobre el consumo de alcohol en la escuela primaria y la necesidad de aumentar la instrucción de los jóvenes sobre el consumo de alcohol, en especial el BD.

Abstract Objective: This objective of this study is to understand the consumption of alcohol, in particular the practice of binge drinking (BD), among young people attending compulsory education in the district of Lisbon, Portugal. Method: This was a descriptive correlational study of quantitative nature. The sample consisted of 174 male and female participants attending compulsory education in the district of Lisbon, Portugal. The following assessment instruments were used: a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C). Data were analyzed using SPSS 25. Results: The sample included participants with a mean age of 15 years old, 75.9% of which had already consumed alcohol, and 23% had already practiced BD; a higher percentage of BD was seen among female participants. Statistically significant differences correlating practice of BD, hazardous drinking as per the AUDIT-C, and type of education attended were seen. Participants of either sex showed the same percentage of hazardous drinking. A positive correlation between age of onset, hazardous drinking, and BD was seen. Conclusion: Early-onset alcohol consumption and BD among school-age young people evidences a pressing need for alcohol consumption prevention actions in Basic Education and increased alcohol consumption literacy among young people, in particular regarding BD.

Cardiac glycosides from Cascabela thevetioides by HPLC-MS analysis

Abstract The present work investigates the chemical composition of seeds of Cascabela thevetioides (Kunth) Lippold, an ornamental shrub of México. Six thevetia cardiac glycosides or thevetosides (thevetin A, B, and C, acetylthevetin A, B and C) were identified from the methanol extract of seeds of C. thevetioides by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and by comparison of mass spectral fragmentation patterns. Enzymatic hydrolysis of a sample of thevetosides from methanol extract of seeds and subsequent High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis yielded the monoglycosides neriifolin, acetylneriifolin and acetylperuvoside, previously reported for this plant. For the fisrt time thevetin A, B and C, and acetylthevetin A, B and C are reported as components of seeds of C. thevetioides.

Effect of the treatment of Copaifera duckei oleoresin (copaiba) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

ABSTRACT Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome that reaches more than 382 million people worldwide. It interferes with the metabolism of carbohydrates, causing chronic hyperglycemia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the Copaifera duckei, Dwyer, Fabaceae, oleoresin on streptozotocin-induced (STZ) diabetic rats. This study was based on the induction of diabetes mellitus by streptozotocin (55 mg/kg, i.p.) in Wistar rats and treated with doses of C. duckei oleoresin (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.). Subsequently, the clinical, biochemical and histopathological of the pancreas parameters were evaluated. Gas chromatographic analysis indicated that β-bisabolene (22.29%), β-caryophyllene (21.25%) and α-farnesene (15.58%) sesquiterpenes were the major components of the C. duckei oleoresin. In streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, it was possible to observe that the C. duckei oleoresin treatment had a significant effect (p < 0.001) on the clinical parameters, and that there was a positive improvement. This was attenuated by the urea, creatinine, and transaminases alterations (p < 0.001) observed in animals with diabetes mellitus, as well as the significantly reduced (p < 0.001) values of total cholesterol, triacylglycerides, and glucose. In the histopathological analyses of the pancreas, it was observed that the C. duckei oleoresin was able to restore β-cells and to significantly increase the quantity and diameter of the Langerhans islets (p < 0.05), when compared to the diabetic group. The treatment with C. duckei oleoresin, employed under the conditions of this study, presented antidiabetic activity and can improve the complications found in this syndrome.

Nanosuspension of quercetin: preparation, characterization and effects against Aedes aegypti larvae

Abstract Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) is the main vector of some neglected diseases, including dengue. It is very important to develop formulations that increase effectiveness of vector control with low toxicity. Quercetin is a plant-derived flavonoid that modulates the development of some insects. The low water solubility of quercetin impairs the development of water-dispersible commercial products. To circumvent this problem, the preparation of nanoformulations is considered promising. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of bulk and quercetin nanosuspension against A. aegypti larvae and also to investigate their ecotoxicity. Quercetin nanosuspension was produced by a solvent displacement method followed by solvent evaporation and was maintained in two different temperatures (4 and 25 ºC). Its size distribution and zeta potential were monitored along 30 days. The influence of quercetin nanosuspension and bulk-quercetin was investigated at various concentrations against A. aegypti and the green algae Chlorella vulgaris. The quercetin nanosuspension presented higher stability at 4 ºC and negative zeta potential values. Quercetin nanosuspension and bulk-quercetin adversely affected the larvae development, especially at the highest concentrations. Larvae mortality was between 44% and 100% (48 h) for quercetin nanosuspension at 100 and 500 ppm, respectively. The bulk-quercetin induced around 50% mortality regardless the concentration used at this same time-period. Absence of emerging mosquitoes from water was observed on the survival larvae of all the treated groups. Quercetin nanosuspension was less toxic than bulk-quercetin against C. vulgaris, especially at higher concentrations. These data indicate that quercetin nanosuspension may represent a potential larvicide for A. aegypti control, once they induced larvae death and inhibited the survival ones to emerge from water. In addition, it did not demonstrated ecotoxicity against a non-target organism, highlighting its better properties, when compared to the bulk-quercetin.

A potência da experimentação estética no processo de autoconhecimento: estudo sociopoético / The power of aesthetic experimentation in the process of self-knowledge: a sociopoetic study

Objetivo: fazer com que os participantes percebessem como atuaram e conduziram emocionalmente uma situação pessoal marcante positiva e uma negativa; e incentivá-los, a partir das conduções emocionais relatadas, a perceberem melhor o que sentem. Método: abordagem sociopoética, realizada com nove coordenadores avançados em transplantes. A partir do tema gerador "As emoções que sentimos e os caminhos que seguimos", foi realizada a experimentação estética para a produção dos dados. Análise dos dados: mulheril e filosófica. Utilizamos os pressupostos da Educação Emocional, segundo Juan Casassus. Resultados: observamos maior liberdade de expressão das emoções no ambiente não laboral. Aproximar-se dos familiares e chorar foram enfrentamentos comuns nas duas situações. Discussão: a autopermissão emocional foi o destaque, apontando para a construção da competência emocional em relação a si mesmo. Conclusão: a experimentação possibilitou a ampliação da consciência emocional dos participantes em situações emocionalmente positivas e negativas, abrindo caminho para o autoconhecimento. (AU)

Aim: to make the participants realize how they have acted and what has led emotionally to a positive and a negative personal situation, and to encourage them, based on the emotional conducts reported, to perceive better what they feel. Method: a study with a sociopoetic approach, conducted with nine advanced transplant coordinators. We carried out the aesthetic experimentation from the generating theme "The emotions we feel and the paths we follow" to produce the data. The data analysis was womanly and philosophical. We used the Emotional Education assumptions of Juan Casassus. Results: we observed greater freedom of expression in terms of emotions in the non-working environment. The approaches toward relatives and crying were common confrontations in both positive and negative situations. Discussion: emotional self-permission was the focus, pointing to the construction of emotional competence in relation to oneself. Conclusion: the experiment allowed the increase of participants' emotional awareness in emotionally positive and negative situations, opening the way to self-knowledge. (AU)

Hypoglycemic effect of formulation containing hydroethanolic extract of Calophyllum brasiliense in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin

ABSTRACT Diabetes mellitus is a chronic and severe metabolic dysfunction, it's slow and progressive evolution interferes directly in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, causing hyperglycemia, glycosuria, polydipsia, hyperlipidaemia, among others. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of hydroethanolic extract and granulated of Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess., Clusiaceae, species in diabetic rats as well as it's biochemical parameters. The results demonstrated that both the pharmaceutical forms, hydroethanolic extract and granulated, were able to reduce significantly (p < 0.001) hyperglycemia and glycosuria, in addition to improve polydipsia, polyuria, and weight loss. Treatments using hydroethanolic extract and granulated were also able to reduce significantly levels of triacylglycerides, cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein, as well as the transaminases, urea and creatinine levels. Therefore, it is concluded that these pharmaceutical forms have anti-diabetic effect and act improving the biochemical parameters, this effect is probably due to the high content of polyphenolic compounds found in the formulations.

Study of the in vitro release profile of sesquiterpenes from a vaginal cream containing Copaifera duckei Dwyer (Fabaceae) oleoresin.

Copaiba trees and their oleoresin is an important natural product used as an anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial drug, in particular for gynecological infections. The in vitro release profile of sesquiterpenes in a vaginal cream containing copaiba (CVC – copaiba vaginal cream) oleoresin in buffered solutions at different pHs was evaluated in the present study. The dissolution test revealed that trans-caryophyllene (TC) was constantly released until the final test time. The maximum peaks were found at a concentration of 478.79 nL/mL for the buffer at pH 5 and at a concentration of 475.99 nL/mL for the buffer at pH 6, with a percentage release of 50.52% and 50.21%, respectively. Likewise, the caryophyllene oxide (CO) was released into the buffers at pHs 5 and 6, with maximum release peaks at 60 minutes at a percentage of 31.8% and 33.5% corresponding to concentrations of 2.779 and 2.925 μg/mL, respectively. The release and dissolution profiles of the sesquiterpene compounds indicated that a pH of 5-6 in the dissolution media is adequate for release of these markers of antimicrobial activity in Copaifera duckei Dwyer. Therefore, these conditions possibly favor the therapeutic action of CVC.

Oral Administration of Euterpe oleracea Mart., Its Influence over Body Weight and Lymphoid Organs and Alterations in Haematological and Glycaemical Parameters.

Aims: The aims of the study were to evaluate alterations caused by the oral administration of the aqueous extract of Euterpe oleracea to non-isogenic adult male mice during 15 and 30 consecutive days through the comparison of body and spleen weights, number of splenic and medullary cells, their hemogram and glycemia indices. Study Design: Animals were divided into 8 groups (5 animals/group). Treated groups received the AEA concentration (125 mg/ml by gavage) at doses of 5, 50 and 500 mg/kg for 15 and 30 days. The control group received only the vehicle of dilution (1x PBS) in volume of 0.5 ml. After treatment the animals were sacrificed in a CO2 chamber for testing. Place and Duration of Study/Methodology: The aqueous extract of concentration of 125 mg/ml of lyophilized açaí pulp was prepared in Laboratory of General and Analytical Chemistry of Federal University of Amapá. Values of body weight, weight of liver and spleen, number of spleen and bone marrow cells, blood count and glucose of the mice were conducted on Drugs Research Laboratory between January and November of 2013. Results: The statistical analysis was done by ANOVA test two-way with significance level p<0.05 in relation to control followed by Tukey post-test. The AEA caused significant changes in body weight, about 22% in animals treated with 500mg/kg. Weight of spleen showed no significant changes, there was statistical difference in blood glucose levels between groups 5 and 500 mg/kg treated for 15 days and punctually in the 500 mg/kg group treated for 15 and 30 days. It was observed that the treatment with the AEA doses (5, 50 and 500 mg/kg) for 30 days increased the number of bone marrow cells. Regarding the number of spleen cells, treatment promoted changes, reducing the amount of cells during the 30 days of treatment, principally at the dose of 50 mg/kg. During the 15 day treatment of 500 mg/kg there was an increase in the number of spleen cells. Conclusion: The treatment of mice with aqueous extract of açaí pointed that the concentration has significant influence in: 1) glucose concentration in the blood; 2) The increased number of bone marrow cells; 3) and the number of spleen cells. Thus, comparison between groups of animals was compatible with the hypothesis that the increase in body mass is a risk factor for insulin resistance.

Study of dissolution profiles and desintegration of capsules containing the dried hydroethanolic extract of Calophyllum brasiliense

Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess, Calophyllaceae, is of great interest in folk medicine and is used in the treatment of various diseases such as diabetes. Granules containing the hydroethanolic extract from the stem bark of C. brasiliense were obtained. The polyphenol content was standardized, and the average weight, disintegration, and the dissolution profiles of the capsules were determined after encapsulation. The capsules had an average weight of 574.5±8.0 mg. In vitro tests showed that the most efficient disintegration profile was in hydrochloric acid buffer (pH 1.2), with a capsule disintegration time within 9 min. The dissolution analysis showed a better uniformity of capsule content release when the test was performed in a hydrochloric acid buffer (pH 1.2), with a maximal release rate at 15 min (giving a polyphenol content of 4.38%, which corresponds to a concentration of 0.0080 mg/mL). In distilled water, the maximal release was reached at 20 min (giving a polyphenol content of 5.41%, which is equivalent to 0.0105 mg/mL). In phosphate buffer, the maximal release of capsule contents was reached at the end of the dissolution assay (30 min), with the lowest amount of released polyphenols (3.61%, which corresponds to a concentration of 0.0070 mg/mL). The encapsulated form of the hydroethanolic extract of C. brasiliense was shown to have the necessary traits of a desirable delivery agent, and the dissolution test was an effective analysis of this material's polyphenol release profile for the specific dosage form.

Atitudes dos enfermeiros face à família: validação da escala Families' Importance in Nursing Care - Nurses Attitudes / Attitudes of nurses towards families: validation of the scale Families' Importance in Nursing Care - Nurses Attitudes / Actitudes de los enfermeros frente a la familia: validación de la escala Families Importance in Nursing Care - Nurses Attitudes

As atitudes que os enfermeiros adotam em relação à família condicionam o processo de cuidar. Nosso propósito com este estudo foi nesse sentido: dispor de um instrumento que nos permitisse conhecer esta variável. Assim, nossa proposta foi efetuar a adaptação transcultural e avaliar as propriedades psicométricas da versão portuguesa do instrumento Families' Importance in Nursing Care - Nurses Attitudes (FINC-NA), que visa avaliar as atitudes dos enfermeiros acerca da importância de envolver a família nos cuidados de enfermagem. Foi seguido o método preconizado pela literatura. A amostra foi constituída por 136 enfermeiros dos Cuidados de Saúde Primários. Os resultados obtidos nos testes de confiabilidade revelam uma boa consistência interna para o total dos itens (Alpha de Cronbach = 0,87). O estudo psicométrico permite-nos afirmar que a versão em português da FINC-NA, que denominamos A importância das famílias nos cuidados de enfermagem - atitudes dos enfermeiros (IFCE-AE), é um instrumento fidedigno e válido.

The attitudes of nurses towards families determine the care process. With this study, we aimed to obtain an instrument that would allow us to learn about this variable. Hence, our purpose was to perform the cross-cultural adaptation and evaluate the psychometric features of the Portuguese version of the instrument Families' Importance in Nursing Care - Nurses Attitudes (FINC-NA), which aims to evaluate the attitudes of nurses towards the importance of involving the patient's family in the nursing care. The method recommended by the literature was followed. The sample consisted of 136 nurses working in primary health care. The results obtained in the reliability tests showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha=0.87). The psychometric study permits us to state that the Portuguese version of the FINC-NA, which in Portuguese is referred to as A importância das famílias nos cuidados de enfermagem - atitudes dos enfermeiros (IFCE-AE), is a reliable and valid tool.

Las actitudes adoptadas por enfermeros en relación a la familia condicionan el proceso de cuidar. En tal sentido, nos propusimos con este estudio, disponer de un instrumento que nos permita conocer esta variable. Así, nos propusimos efectuar la adaptación transcultural y evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión portuguesa del instrumento Families Importance in Nursing Care - Nurses Attitudes (FINC-NA), que apunta a evaluar actitudes de enfermeros acerca de involucrar a la familia en los cuidados de enfermería. Se siguió el método sugerido por la literatura. Muestra constituida por 136 Enfermeros de Atención Primaria de Salud. Los resultados obtenidos en pruebas de fiabilidad revelan buena consistencia interna para el total de ítems (Alpha de Cronbach=0,87). El estudio psicométrico nos permite afirmar que la versión en Portugués del FINC-NA, que denominamos La importancia de las familias en el cuidado de enfermería - actitudes de los enfermeros (IFCE-AE) es un instrumento fidedigno y válido.

Antimicrobial activity of extracts obtained from the seeds of Vatairea guianensis (Aublet) / Actividad antimicrobiana de extractos obtenidos de las semillas de Vatairea guianensis (Aublet)

Medicinal plants are widely and culturally used in an empiric way to treat several diseases in the Amazon. Here, Vatairea guianensis, which is used in traditional medicine to treat skin infections, such as cutaneous mycoses, was studied. The present work evaluated the in vitro antibacterial activity of hydroethanolic, hexanic, chloroformic, and methanolic extracts, obtained from the seeds of V. guianensis by the broth microdilution method, to measure their minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella sp.) bacteria. All extracts showed antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with MICs ranging from 3.12 ug/mL to 50 ug/mL and MBCs ranging from 6.25 ug/mL to 100 ug/mL. Finally, these results on antimicrobial activity might contribute to the study of V. guianensis and increase the medical interest in this genus, which is still poorly studied.

Las plantas medicinales son ampliamente utilizados y culturalmente de forma empírica para tratar varias enfermedades en la Amazonía. Aquí, fue estudiado Vatairea guianensis, que se utiliza en la medicina tradicional para tratar infecciones de la piel, como las micosis cutáneas. El presente trabajo se evaluó la actividad in vitro antibacteriana de los extractos hidroetanólico, hexánico, clorofórmico y metanólico, obtenido de las semillas de V. guianensis por el método de microdilución en caldo, para medir su concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM) y la concentración mínima bactericida (CMB) contra las bacterias Gram-positivas (Staphylococcus aureus y Enterococcus faecalis) y Gram-negativas (Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Salmonella sp.). Todos los extractos mostraron actividad antimicrobiana frente a bacterias Gram-positivas y Gram-negativas, con los CIM que van desde 3,12 ug / ml a 50 ug / mL y CMB que van de 6,25 ug / ml a 100 ug / ml. Por último, estos resultados sobre la actividad antimicrobiana podrían contribuir al estudio de V. guianensis y aumentar el interés médico en este género, que todavía está poco estudiada.

Topical anti-inflammatory action of Caryocar villosum oil (Aubl) Pers.

The piquia (Caryocar villosum (Aubl.) Pers.) has drawn the attention of the scientific community for its potential as an oilseed crop species. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo the topical anti-inflammatory activity of fixed oil from Caryocar villosum (Aubl.) Pers. – OCV. To evaluate anti-inflammatory activity, the following assays were used in rats: a) granuloma assay (cotton-pellet), b) carrageenan-induced paw edema and c) vascular permeability assay. Gas chromatography analysis from the OCV, transesterified with a BF3-methanol sample, showed the following fatty acid esters to be major compounds of this species: methyl hexadecanoate (32%), methyl octadecanoate (29%) and methyl (E)-octadecanoate (29%). The ED50 calculated from the granuloma assay was 531 mg/kg. In the granuloma assay, rat model of carrageenan-induced paw edema and vascular permeability of histamine test, groups treated with a topical dose of 531 mg/kg OCV showed significant differences (p < 0.05, analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a multiple comparison Student-Newman-Keuls test) when compared to the control groups treated with distilled water. Thus, a 531 mg/kg dose of OCV elicited a topical anti-inflammatory effect in rats, and the fatty acid esters identified in the fixed oil from Caryocar villosum participate in the detected topical anti-inflammatory activity because compounds with this characteristic are capable of modulating acute and chronic inflammatory responses.

Gingko biloba leaves extract on growth and morphology of trypanosomatids / Efecto del extracto de las hojas de Gingko biloba en el crecimiento y la morfología de tripanosomátidos

Gingko biloba has been one of the most used medicinal plants all over the world in the past years. In this study, our group has studied the effect of a hydroethanolic extract from the aerial parts of this plant on the growth and morphological differentiation of trypanosomatids. Herpetomonas samuelpessoai and Herpetomonas sp were used in this study. The extract was obtained in a Soxhlet apparatus (50 oC, 2 hours). This extract was aseptically added to Roitman’s medium in different concentrations (4, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/ml). The growth rate was determined using a Newbauer chamber to count numbers of cells after the extract inoculation (24 and 72 hours later). Smears stained by the Panotic method was used to determine the percentages of pro, para and opisthomastigote forms. The extract inhibited Herpetomonas sp growth in concentrations higher than 20 mg/ml. H. samuelpessoai has been inhibited in doses higher than 40 mg/ml. No morphological differentiation was observed in Herpetomonas sp cell. However, morphological differentiations could be noticed in H. samuelpessoai cell using doses higher than 40 mg/ml. These alterations are probably related to the cell division process, since cells with 3 or 4 nucleus were observed. Also, cytoplasmatic expansions, representing unsuccessful process of cell division were frequently found out. Further ultrastructural analysis using a transmission electron microscope showed cells with homogeneous nucleus or the absence of it. Protozoan protein profile was also analyzed. It was possible to notice changes in both trypanosomatids used in this study. H. samuelpessoai has shown over expression and accumulation of proteins which its degradation is essential to continue the cell differentiation. Also, it is possible to suggest that this extract acts through the modulation of the genetic expression and may be harmful to human cells if not purified.

Gingko biloba es una de las plantas medicinales más utilizadas en todo el mundo en los últimos años. En este estudio, nuestro grupo ha estudiado el efecto de un extracto hidroetanólico de la parte aérea de esta planta sobre el crecimiento y la diferenciación morfológica de tripanosomátidos. Herpetomonas samuelpessoai y Herpetomonas sp se utilizaron en este estudio. El extracto se obtuvo en un aparato Soxhlet (50° C/2 horas). Este extracto se agregó asépticamente a medio Roitman en diferentes concentraciones (4, 20, 40, 60, 80 y 100 mg /ml). La tasa de crecimiento se determinó utilizando una cámara de Newbauer para contar el número de células después de la inoculación de extracto (24 y 72 horas más tarde). Frotis teñidos por el método Panotic se utilizó para determinar los porcentajes de pro, para y las formas opistomastigota. El extracto inhibió el crecimiento Herpetomonas sp en concentraciones superiores a 20 mg /ml. H. samuelpessoai se ha inhibido en dosis superiores a 40 mg /ml. No se observó diferenciación morfológica en la celda Herpetomonas sp. Sin embargo, las diferenciaciones morfológicas se pudo observar en la celda H. samuelpessoai con dosis superiores a 40 mg /ml. Estas alteraciones son probablemente relacionado con el proceso de división celular, ya que las células con 3 o 4 núcleos se observaron. Además, las expansiones citoplasmáticas, lo que representa el proceso fallido de la división celular se encontraron con frecuencia hacia fuera. Un análisis más detallado ultraestructural usando microscopio electrónico de transmisión mostró células con núcleo homogéneo o la ausencia de ella. El perfil de proteínas por Protozoarios también se ha analizado. Fue posible notar cambios tanto en tripanosomátidos utilizados en este estudio. H. samuelpessoai ha demostrado a lo largo de expresión y la acumulación de proteínas que su degradación es esencial para continuar con la diferenciación celular. Además, es posible sugerir que este extracto...

Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Euterpe oleracea Mart., Arecaceae, oil

The oil of the fruits of Euterpe oleracea Mart., Arecaceae (OEO), was evaluated in models of inflammation and hyperalgesia in vivo to study its effects on these conditions. The experimental models contained the writhing test in mice, rat paw edema, granuloma test in rats, vascular permeability in rats, cell migration to the peritoneal cavity in rats and ear erythema induced by croton oil in mice. Doses of 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg of OEO were administered orally. The observed number of writhes was inhibited by 33.67, 45.88 and 55.58 percent, respectively. OEO produced a dose-dependent effect, with linear correlation coefficient R=0.99 (y=0.0219x+23.133), and the median effective dose found was 1226.8 mg/kg. The oral administration of 1226.8 mg/kg of OEO inhibited carrageenan-induced edema by 29.18 percent (p<0.05) when compared to the control group. The daily administration of OEO for six days inhibited the formation of granulomatous tissue by 36.66 percent (p<0.01). In ear erythema induced by croton oil, OEO presented a significant inhibition (37.9 percent). In the vascular permeability test, treatment with OEO decreased the response to histamine, inhibiting vascular permeability by 54.16 percent. In carrageenan-induced peritonitis, OEO reduced the number of neutrophils migrating compared to the control group by 80.14 percent. These results suggested that OEO has anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities, probably of peripheral origin and linked to prostaglandin biosynthesis inhibition.

Anxiolytic and antidepressive effects of the homeopathic complex Homeo-pax® (pre-clinical study) / Anxiolytic and antidepressive effects of the homeopathic complex Homeo-pax® (pre-clinical study)

The homeopathic complex Homeo-Pax® has been used as an antidepressant and anxiolytic homeopathic medicine available in Brazil. It is a complex mixture prepared with Aconitum nap.6cH, Aurum met. 6cH, Phosphorus 6cH, Argentum nitricum 6cH, Arsenicum alb. 6cH, and Valeriana officinalis 3cH. This study had evaluated the behavior in rats after treatment with Homeo-Pax® in pre-clinical models of depression and anxiety. Elevated Plus Maze Test (EPM), Forced Swimming Test (FST), Open Field Test (OFT) and the Rota Rod Test (RRT) behavior assays were used to confirm its activity. In the EPM, the animals treated with Homeo-pax® on the 1st day and until the 20th day of treatment remained longer in the open arms of the maze than on 30th day. This result was statistically significant compared with the control group (p < 0.05). In the FST, the treatment with Homeo-pax® (0.5 ml, p.o) increased the swimming time, compared to the control group. This effect was dependent on treatment time, resulting in a similar effect to that presented by amfepramone (10 mg/kg, p.o). In the OFT, crossing by the animals was significantly increased by the treatment with amfepramone (10mg/kg, p.o), and also with the 30- day treatment with Homeo-pax® . In the RRT, the 30-day treatment with Homeo-pax® (0.5 ml, p.o) did not affect the animals? motor coordination, compared with the control group, which presented the same behavior. Based on the results obtained, it can be suggested that the homeopathic complex Homeo-pax® has anxiolytic and antidepressant properties without affecting motor coordination capacity.

O complexo homeopático Homeo-Pax® tem sido usado no Brasil como um medicamento homeopático de ação antidepressiva e ansiolítica. O Homeo-Pax® é um complexo preparado com Aconitum nap. 6cH, Aurum met. 6cH, Phosphorus 6cH, Argentum nitricum 6cH, Arsenicum alb. 6cH e Valeriana officinalis 3cH. Este estudo avaliou o comportamento de ratos após o tratamento com Homeo-Pax® em modelos pré-clínicos de depressão e ansiedade. Testes de labirinto em cruz elevado (EPM), nado forçado (FST), campo aberto (OFT) e Rotarod (RRT) foram usados para avaliar a atividade dos animais. No EPM, os animais tratados com Homeo-pax® permaneceram mais tempo nos braços abertos do labirinto, durante do 20 primeiros dias de tratamento, em relação ao 30º dia. Este resultado foi estatisticamente significativo quando comparado com o grupo controle (p < 0.05). No FST, o tratamento com Homeo-pax® (0.5 ml, p.o) aumentou o tempo de nado, comparado ao grupo controle. Este efeito foi dependente o tempo de tratamento, resultando similar ao efeito da amfepramona (10 mg/kg, p.o). No OFT, o movimento dos animais foi significativamente aumentado pelo tratamento com amfepramona (10mg/kg, p.o) e também no 30º dia de tratamento com Homeo-pax® . No RRT, o tratamento por 30 dias com Homeo-pax® (0.5 ml, p.o) não afetou a coordenação motora dos animais, em relação ao grupo controle. Baseado nesses resultados, pode ser sugerido que o complexo homoepático Homeo-pax® tem propriedades ansiolíticas e antidepressivas sem afetar a coordenação motora.

El complejo homeopático Homeo-pax® viene siendo usado en Brasil como un medicamento homeopático de acción antidepresiva y ansiolítica. El Homeo-pax® es un complejo preparado con Aconitum nap 6cH, Aurum Met 6cH, Phosphorus 6cH, Argentum Nitricum 6cH, Arsenicum Alb 6cH y Valeriana officinalis 3cH. Este estudio evaluó el comportamiento de camondongos después del tratamiento con Homeo-pax® en modelos preclinicos de depresión y ansiedad. Testes de laberinto en cruz elevado (EPM) nado forzado (FST), campo abierto (OFT) y Rotarod (RRT) fueron usados para evaluar la actividad de los animales. En el EPM los animales tratados com Homeo-pax® permanecieron mas tiempo en los brazos abiertos del laberinto durante los 20 primeros dias de tratamiento en relación al 30º dia. Este resultado fue estadísticamente significativo si comparado con el grupo control (p<0.05). En el FST, el tratamiento con Homeo-pax® (0.5 ml,p.o) aumentó el tiempo de nado, comparado al grupo control. Este efecto fue dependiente del tiempo de tratamiento, resultando similar al efecto de la anfepramona (10 mg/kg, p.o). En el OFT, el movimiento de los animales fue significativamente aumentado por el tratamiento con anfepramona (10mg/kg, p.o) y tambien en el 30º dia de tratamiento con Homeo-pax® . En el RRT el tratamiento por 30 dias con Homeo-pax® (0.5 ml, p.o) no afectó la coodinación motora de los animales, en relación al grupo control. Basado en esos resultados puede ser sugerido que el complejo homeopático Homeo-pax® tiene propiedades ansiolíticas y antidepresivas sin afectar la coordinación motora.